Marie Riton
A Woman Between Worlds
Marie Riton occupies a liminal space in the history of New France: a woman shaped by religious conflict, social vulnerability, and migration at a time when female settlers were both scarce and indispensable. Her life illustrates the realities faced by the earliest Filles à marier—women who immigrated before royal sponsorship formalized female settlement in the colony.
Unlike the later Filles du roi who received royal dowries and protection, Marie crossed the Atlantic with no state support, carrying instead the weight of an illegitimate birth and a formal change of religion. That she became a landholding matriarch at Beauport, mother of seven children who all lived to marry, speaks to a resilience that the documents only hint at.
Origins: Poitou, circa 1623
Marie Riton was born about 1623 in Le Bourg-sous-la-Roche, near La Roche-sur-Yon in the former province of Poitou, to Robert Riton and Marguerite Guyon. No baptismal record survives. Her birth year rests on the ages she gave to the enumerators of 1666 and 1667, which is to say on estimates rather than statements.
By the early 1640s, Marie had relocated to the La Rochelle area, a major Atlantic port and long-standing Protestant stronghold. The Edict of Nantes (1598) had granted Protestants certain rights, but by the 1620s and 1630s, those protections were eroding. La Rochelle itself had endured a devastating siege in 1627-28, and the Protestant community lived under increasing pressure.
What drew a young woman from Poitou to this contested port city? The records do not say. But it was here that Marie's documented life begins—with a child, a change of religion, and eventually, departure.
Illegitimacy and Precarity
In November 1644, a daughter named Marie was baptized in the parish church of Saint-Étienne at Ars-en-Ré, on the Île de Ré, and the register names Marie Riton as her mother. The child's father, Abraham Brunet, was identified as belonging to the religion prétendue réformée—the "so-called reformed religion," the official Catholic term for Protestantism.
The baptism is worth pausing over. It took place in a Catholic parish church, which is evidence that Marie herself was Catholic in November 1644, while the father of her child was not. Seven months later that would reverse.
Because the parents were unmarried, the child was designated naturelle—illegitimate. In 17th-century France, illegitimacy carried enduring social consequences for women, often limiting marriage prospects and economic security. No further record of this daughter has been found: she does not appear in New France, and no burial has been located for her at Ars-en-Ré. Whether she died in France or simply never left it is not established.
Abjuring the Roman Church
On 29 June 1645, Marie appeared before the consistory of the Reformed church at La Rochelle and abjured the errors of the Roman Church, professing her intention to live and die in the Reformed religion. She was received into its communion the same day.
"Marie Ritoz natifue du bourg de la Roche sulion en Poitou a faict abjuration des erreurs de l'Eglise Romaine et protesté de vouloir vivre et mourir en la profession de la verité enseignée en noz Eglises. Ensuitte de quoy Elle a esté receue a n[ost]re Communion et admise au benefice d'icelle."
— Abjurations register, La Rochelle, 29 June 1645, fifteenth act; signed Papin, ancienThe register entry begins "le mesme jour et a mesme heure"—the same day and at the same hour—following the act above it, the abjuration of a fifteen-year-old named Anne de Conquesac presented by her mother. Marie did not come before the consistory alone.
The direction of this conversion matters, and it is the opposite of what the phrase "abjuration of faith" usually suggests in a Canadian context. Marie was not renouncing Protestantism. She was renouncing Catholicism and entering the Reformed church, at the precise moment when doing so was becoming dangerous. Five years later she would marry in a Catholic church on the far side of the Atlantic.
Her religious trajectory is treated at greater length, alongside a second documented case, in the companion research guide Hidden Protestants: Huguenot Women Among the Filles à Marier.
Emigration as a Fille à Marier
Between 1645 and 1650, Marie left France for New France, almost certainly departing from La Rochelle. She belongs to the early cohort of Filles à marier, women recruited by private sponsors or religious networks before the establishment of the crown-funded Filles du roi program in 1663.
Unlike later royal wards, the Filles à marier:
Marie's motivations likely included escape from social stigma following an illegitimate birth, limited economic prospects in France, the loss of her child, and deteriorating conditions for Protestants. Because New France was officially Catholic, Marie would have needed to return to the Roman church—sincerely or nominally—before or shortly after her arrival, or else conceal her Reformed profession entirely.
No Canadian record refers to it. Not the marriage act of 1650, not seven baptisms, not the confirmation of 1660, not the notarial acts of 1666 and 1674. Whatever Marie professed at La Rochelle in June 1645, she carried it across the Atlantic in silence.
August 23, 1650: Marriage at Beauport
On 23 August 1650, Marie married Léonard Leblanc. The act was registered at Notre-Dame-de-Québec, but the ceremony itself took place at Beauport, in the house of Robert Giffard—the register says so in a closing line: mariage célébré dans la maison de M. Giffart.
| Record | PRDH-IGD no. 66394; original register, Notre-Dame-de-Québec (image above) |
| Date | 23 August 1650 |
| Place | Celebrated at Beauport, in the house of M. Giffart; registered at Notre-Dame-de-Québec |
| Groom | Léonard Leblanc, of the parish of Blanset [Blessac], pays de la Marche |
| Groom's parents | Léonard Leblanc and Jeanne Fayande |
| Bride | Marie Riton, of the parish of Bourg-sur-la-Roche, Poitou |
| Bride's parents | Robert Riton and Marguerite Guyon |
| Others named | Robert Giffart, residing at Beauport; Jean Huchereau de La Ferté; Nicolas Huchereau Des Denys |
| Officiant | Barthélemy Vimont, priest, residing at Québec |
| Register note | Mariage célébré dans la maison de M. Giffart |
Persons are listed as the record lists them. The act does not describe the three men named after the parents as witnesses, and they are not called such here.
Léonard Leblanc, born about 1626, was the son of Léonard Leblanc and Jeanne Fayande of Blessac, in the pays de la Marche. He was a mason: the 1666 enumerator wrote masson habitant beside his name, and the notary who drew up his wife's estate inventory in 1674 called him maistre masson. When he reached New France, and on what terms, is not established by any record yet found.
The marriage took place in the house of Robert Giffard, the seigneur who had been recruiting settlers for Beauport since 1634. Giffard's household recurs through the next twelve years of this family's records—at five of the seven baptisms, and again at Louise's marriage in 1667—which suggests a connection formed before the wedding rather than through it.
Family Life: 1651-1662
Between 1651 and 1662, Marie gave birth to seven children—one son and six daughters. All seven lived to marry, a remarkable outcome in an era when child mortality claimed perhaps one in four before age five. The baptism records from Notre-Dame-de-Québec document each birth:
| Child | Birth | Baptism | Marriage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marie Thérèse | May 3, 1651 | June 29, 1651 | 1665 Pierre Vallée dit Lavallée; 1686 Toussaint Giroux |
| Noël | Jan 14, 1653 | Jan 18, 1653 | 1686 Félicité Le Picard |
| Louise | Nov 1654 | Dec 25, 1654 | 1667 Michel Le Court; 1686 Guillaume Boissel; 1687 Paul Bouchard |
| Marguerite | Sept 2, 1656 | Sept 17, 1656 | 1670 Pierre Bazin |
| Marie (Élisabeth) | Jan 15, 1658 | July 8, 1658 | 1672 René Cloutier |
| Jeanne | Oct 18, 1659 | Nov 3, 1659 | 1675 Pierre Morel; 1704-1706 Jean Baptiste Baudy dit Laverdure |
| Françoise | Jan 18, 1662 | Jan 19, 1662 | 1678 Jean Prévost/Provost; 1709 Pierre Delorme dit Sanscrainte |
Who Stood at the Font
The baptism acts do more than fix dates. They record who else was in the church, and the same names keep appearing.
| Child | Baptism | Others named in the act | Record |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marie Thérèse | 29 June 1651 | Nicolas Juchereau Des Denys; Marie Giffart, wife of Jean Juchereau de La Ferté; Joseph Poncet, priest | PRDH 57359 |
| Noël | 18 January 1653 | Not yet transcribed | To be supplied |
| Louise | 25 December 1654 | A Giffar; a Ragueneau, Jesuit. The act notes that the day of the birth was omitted, and that the child had been ondoyée by M. Giffar | PRDH 57480 |
| Marguerite | 17 September 1656 | Not yet transcribed | To be supplied |
| Marie Élisabeth | 8 July 1658 | Jean Madry; Marie Giffard, wife of a Des Denys; Gabriel Dequeylus, priest | PRDH 57657 |
| Jeanne | 3 November 1659 | Pierre Marcou; Jeanne Langlois; a Lemercier, Jesuit | PRDH 57757 |
| Françoise | 19 January 1662 | Joseph Giffard; Françoise Delaferte; Robert Giffard. The act notes the child had been ondoyée by Robert Giffard | PRDH 57876 |
Names as rendered in the PRDH-IGD entries; roles are given only where the entry gives them. Forenames shown as "a Giffar" are blank in the record itself. The original register image for each baptism appears in the gallery below.
Twice, a Giffard performed an emergency baptism at the house before the child could be carried to the church—Louise in 1654, and Françoise in 1662, the latter by Robert Giffard himself. The seigneur of Beauport was not merely a name on the marriage act. He was close enough to the Leblanc household to be sent for when a newborn was not expected to live.
The family settled at the Bourg de Fargy in Beauport, where Léonard worked as a mason and farmed. The enumerations of 1666 and 1667 catch the household at its fullest.
Religious Conformity in New France
On 24 February 1660, Marie was confirmed at Notre-Dame-de-Québec by François de Montmorency-Laval. She was one name in a long list: the act on this folio alone runs to forty entries and continues on the next.
| Register | Registre des confirmés et des abjurations, Québec, 1649–1663, p. 23 |
| Date | 24 February 1660 |
| Entry as written | Marie Riton 22. ans, Eu. de Luçon, |
| Recorded origin | Évêché de Luçon — the diocese in which Le Bourg-sous-la-Roche lay |
| Recorded age | 22 (see the research note below) |
| Officiant | François de Montmorency-Laval, vicar apostolic of New France |
| Extent of the act | Forty entries on this folio; the act continues on the following folio |
| Database entry | PRDH-IGD no. 403669 |
Transcribed from the original register. Square brackets would mark editorial expansion; there is none here—the line is written plainly.
A note on the database
The PRDH-IGD card for this act gives Marie Riton's origin as the Évêché de La Rochelle. The register gives Luçon. The four entries nearest hers—numbers 7, 10, 11 and 12—are all from the diocese of La Rochelle, which is very likely how the error entered the database.
It is a small thing, and it changes nothing about who she was. But it is a clean illustration of a rule this site applies throughout: a database field is an index, not a transcription. Names may be taken from the card. Ages and places of origin are cited to the register, or not at all.
An unresolved conflict: the age of 22
The register—not merely the database—gives Marie Riton's age as twenty-two in February 1660. That would place her birth about 1638, and it cannot be reconciled with the rest of her file: a woman born in 1638 could not have borne a child at Ars-en-Ré in 1644, abjured at La Rochelle in 1645, or married in 1650.
The obvious answer is that the clerk erred. It is worth noting that the ages around hers in the same act do not look careless—they run 19, 25, 27, 28, 30, 33, 35, 44, 49, 50, 68, 70—so this is not a scribe defaulting to a single figure. The alternative, that a second Marie Riton was confirmed that day, is unattractive: the recorded diocese of Luçon matches our Marie's birthplace exactly, and no other Marie Riton is known in the colony. The conflict is recorded here rather than resolved.
No record of an abjuration of the Reformed faith survives in the Canadian archives. It is tempting to read the confirmation as a reckoning with her past, but the act itself argues otherwise: she was one of dozens confirmed that day, in a colony whose first bishop was working through the whole population sacrament by sacrament. What the record establishes is her participation in Catholic sacramental life ten years after her arrival.
For the woman who had once publicly abjured the errors of the Roman Church, this was a reversal. Whether it represented conviction or survival, only Marie knew. What the records show is that her seven children were baptized as Catholics, that four of her daughters married in the Church during her lifetime, and that no Canadian document ever refers again to the faith she professed at La Rochelle.
The 1666 and 1667 Censuses
The first comprehensive enumerations of New France, taken in 1666 and 1667, provide rare snapshots of the Leblanc household. The two returns are not alike: 1666 records names, ages and trades in three columns, while 1667 adds livestock and cultivated land.
1666 Census - Beauport
- Léonard Le Blanc, 40, masson habitant
- Marie Ritton, 43, sa femme
- Noël, 13, fils
- Marguerite, 9, fille
- Marie, 7, fille
- Jeanne, 6, fille
- Françoise, 3, fille
1667 Census - Beauport
- Léonard Le Blanc, 40
- Marie Riton, 40
- Noël, 14
- Marguerite, 11
- Marie, 10
- Jeanne, 7
- Françoise, 5
- 3 bêtes à cornes • 16 arpents en valeur
The discrepancy in Marie's age between the two returns—43 in 1666, 40 in 1667—is typical of early colonial records, where ages were estimated rather than asked. The 1667 return records three head of cattle and sixteen arpents under cultivation, roughly thirteen and a half acres cleared out of the concession at the Bourg de Fargy.
The Daughter Who Was Not There
Five of the seven children are listed at Beauport in 1666. Marie Thérèse, the eldest, had married the previous year. But Louise, twelve years old and unmarried, is also missing—and she does not appear anywhere in the Beauport section.
She was in Québec. On folio 20 of the same enumeration, in the household of Michel Guyon, bourgeois et charpentier, the last line reads:
| Michel guyon | 32 — bourgeois et charpentier |
| Genevieve Marsollet | 22 — sa femme |
| Joseph guyon | 2 — filz |
| Genevieve guyon | 5 mois — fille |
| Louise Leblanc | 13 — servante |
Transcribed from the manuscript. Louise had been baptized on 25 December 1654, so she was eleven going on twelve; the recorded 13 is the ordinary approximation of these returns.
A mason's daughter, placed in service in a carpenter's house in the town. She would not stay long. Seven weeks after this enumeration her parents passed a marriage contract for her, and fourteen months after it she was married.
A Network of Marriages
Marie's six daughters and one son formed marriage alliances that extended the family's connections throughout the colony. The daughters married into settler families including the Vallées, Le Courts, Bazins, Cloutiers, Morels, and Prévosts—names that still populate Quebec today.
Marie Thérèse: The Eldest Daughter
On 12 January 1665, Marie Thérèse became the first of the Leblanc children to marry, wedding Pierre Vallée—called Lavallée in the notarial acts—of the parish of St-Jean in the archbishopric of Rouen. He was a surgeon, and nine years later he would be the only member of this family able to sign his own name to his mother-in-law's estate inventory.
Louise: A Contract and a Chapel, 1666–1667
On 27 December 1666, Léonard Leblanc and Marie Riton appeared before the notary Paul Vachon to contract their daughter Louise in marriage to Michel Le Court, a merchant of Québec. The opening line of that act is the reason it matters here.
"...furent présens Léonard Leblanc et Marie Riton sa femme, de luy authorizée pour l'effet des présentes, au nom et comme stipulans en cette partie pour Louise Leblanc leur fille, acceptant de son consentement..."
— Marriage contract, greffe de Paul Vachon, 27 December 1666Marie Riton is not a mother named in a filiation clause here. She is a contracting party, appearing in her own name and stipulating alongside her husband, with the authorization a married woman required under the Coutume de Paris to bind herself in an act. In every other document of her life she is described—by a priest, a clerk, an enumerator. In this one she acts.
The family assembled for the contract: Noël, Louise's brother; Pierre Vallée the surgeon and his wife Marie Thérèse; the sisters Marguerite, Marie and Jeanne; and Nicolas Juchereau, écuyer, sieur de Saint-Denis.
The marriage followed on 13 February 1667, interrogated by the Jesuit Jacques Bruyas in the chapel of Beauport, with Joseph Giffard, écuyer, of Beauport, and Jean du Mesnil named as witnesses. Michel Le Court was the son of Jean Le Court and Jeanne Le Val, of the parish of Livarot in the diocese of Lisieux.
Marguerite: 1670
Marguerite married Pierre Bazin on 19 July 1670. Pierre was the son of Estienne Bazin and Marthe de Reinville—connecting the Leblanc family to another established Beauport lineage.
Noël: The Only Son
Marie did not live to see her son marry. On 14 January 1686—twelve years after her death—Noël wed Félicité Le Picard at Notre-Dame-de-Québec. The marriage record notes Marie's status plainly: mother of the groom, deceased.
Jeanne had married in December 1675 and Françoise in January 1678, both after their mother's death. Of the seven, four daughters married in Marie's lifetime and three of her children did not.
Death and Inventory: 1674
Marie Riton died at Beauport between 16 April and 4 November 1674. On 16 April she made a will before the notary Paul Vachon. On 4 November the same notary drew up the inventory of the estate—and the inventory is the document that tells us the most about how this family actually lived.
| Notary | Paul Vachon, royal notary in New France |
| Place | Passed at the bourg du Fargy, in the notary's own house |
| Appearing | Léonard Leblanc, maistre masson, in his own name by reason of the community of property, as donee of the deceased's goods, and as executor of her will |
| Minor children | Noël Leblanc, about 20; Jeanne Leblanc, about 14; Françoise Leblanc, about 12 |
| Sons-in-law | Pierre Lavallée, master surgeon (Marie Thérèse); Michel Le Court, merchant burgess (Louise); Pierre Bazin (Marguerite); René Cloutier (Marie) |
| Shares | Heirs each for a seventh part of the moveables, acquests and maternal property |
| Will recited | Received by the same notary, dated the sixteenth day of April of the present year 1674 |
| Witnesses | René Chevalier and a Boulanger, "habitans voisins" — neighbouring settlers |
| Signatures | Lavallée and Chevalier signed with the notary. Léonard Leblanc, Le Court, Bazin, Cloutier, Noël Leblanc and their wives all declared they could not write or sign |
Transcribed from the original act, Paul Vachon, greffe 1655–1693, BAnQ 03Q,CN301,S266.
The Fire
The inventory opens its itemisation with a phrase that reframes everything after it: the goods to be valued are those quy ont resté après l'incendie du feu arrivé et quy print à la maison dudit Leblanc—what remained after the fire that broke out and took hold in Leblanc's house.
What remained was not much. The list begins: a cooking pot, valued at three livres. A kettle, six livres. Four old axes, six livres for all four. This is a household that had been through a fire and was counting what was left of it, in the same year it lost the woman who had run it.
What the Estate Owed
The debts are itemised to named creditors, and they read like a map of the family's dealings: thirty livres to Julien Fortin, sieur de Bellefontaine; ten livres tournois to Monsieur de Beauport, the seigneur; twenty-five livres and eight livres to two edge-tool makers at Québec; twenty-six livres to Madame d'Amours; fifteen to a merchant; smaller sums to others. There is also a charge of four minots of wheat, to be taken from forty minots "suivant le testament et ordonnance de dernière volonté"—a glimpse of the will itself, which has not yet been found.
A Contested Settlement
Marie's will had left Léonard as her donee, with the enjoyment of everything—the land as well as the surviving moveables. Her sons-in-law objected. The inventory records a contestation de la part des dits héritiers, and then records how it ended: Vallée, Le Court, Bazin and Cloutier, with their wives, agreed to let their father-in-law keep the donation and the enjoyment, provided he bound himself to pay the legacies and the charges of the succession. He consented, and the inventory proceeded.
Four men who could not sign
At the foot of the act, the notary recorded that Léonard Leblanc, Michel Le Court, Pierre Bazin, René Cloutier and Noël Leblanc, together with their wives, all declared that they did not know how to write or sign, and were so asked according to the ordinance. Only Pierre Lavallée the surgeon and the witness René Chevalier put their names to the page.
Michel Le Court is described in the same document as a marchand bourgeois. The seigneur's family had stood at this household's baptisms; a merchant and a surgeon had married into it. None of that made its members literate, and the record says so without comment.
No marriage contract
One line of the inventory settles a question that a negative search never could. Explaining why the dower had to be dealt with as it was, the notary wrote that it was "à cause qu'il n'y avoit aucun contract de mariage entre le dit Leblanc" and the deceased.
There is no 1650 marriage contract for Léonard Leblanc and Marie Riton, not because one has been lost or not yet found, but because none was ever made.
Léonard survived Marie by seventeen years, continuing to work as a mason. He was still living at Notre-Dame-de-Beauport when his son married in 1686, and he died in 1691, at about sixty-five.
Historical Significance
Marie Riton's life illustrates the often-overlooked realities of early female immigration to New France. She was not a royal ward, not protected by the Crown, and not insulated from risk. Her survival depended on adaptability—religious, social, and economic.
Denis Beauregard's GFNA database estimates her descendants at between 4,270,000 and 4,690,000 Quebecers across fourteen generations. That is a measure of how completely a founding population propagates, not a statement about inherited DNA: at fourteen generations' remove, most descendants carry no measurable segment from any single ancestor.
Her mitochondrial line is the exception. mtDNA passes intact down the unbroken maternal chain, and the haplogroup computed for Marie Riton's line—H5a1, with the T16093C variant—means a daughter's daughter's daughter can test today and read her own result as a document about 1623.
While her husband Léonard's masonry left traces in stone—perhaps in buildings at Beauport that still stand—Marie's legacy endures through people: daughters, descendants, and the quiet demographic success that made the colony viable. The woman who once abjured the Roman Church at La Rochelle became, through her children and grandchildren, one of the founding mothers of French Canada.
Document Gallery
Sources and Further Reading
Marie Riton's life has been reconstructed from parish registers, a Reformed consistory register, notarial acts and colonial enumerations. Where a database entry and an original register disagree, the register governs.
Original records
- Abjuration, 29 June 1645 — Archives départementales de la Charente-Maritime, cote I 171-173, La Rochelle, collection du greffe, pastoral, abjurations 1643-1648, p. 2 of 5, fifteenth act; digital images, Archinoë.
- Baptism of Marie, daughter of Marie Riton, November 1644 — Archives départementales de la Charente-Maritime, non coté, Ars-en-Ré, collection communale, paroissial, baptêmes 1638-1648, p. 111 of 176, second act on the left-hand page (faint ink); digital images, Archinoë.
- Marriage, 23 August 1650 — Notre-Dame-de-Québec, registre 1621-1671.
- Confirmation, 24 February 1660 — Registre des confirmés et des abjurations, Québec, 1649-1663, p. 23, entry 13.
- Marriage of Louise Leblanc, 13 February 1667 — Notre-Dame-de-Québec, registre 1621-1671, p. 104.
- Census of Canada, 1666 and 1667 — Archives des Colonies, Série G1, vol. 460, 1re partie; Beauport (Leblanc household) and folio 20 (Michel Guyon household, Québec). Digitized copy: Library and Archives Canada, Fonds des Colonies, vol. 2318856.
- Marriage contract, Le Court & Leblanc, 27 December 1666 — Paul Vachon, greffe 1655-1693, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, Fonds Cour supérieure, district judiciaire de Québec, greffes de notaires, 03Q,CN301,S266; BAnQ numérique document 4215634, images 954-957.
- Inventaire après décès of Marie Riton, 4 November 1674 — Paul Vachon, same greffe; BAnQ numérique document 4215636, viewer images 229-237 (files 03Q_CN301S266P_2578-2586).
- Testament of Marie Riton, 16 April 1674 — Paul Vachon, same greffe. Its date and existence are established by the recital in the inventaire, which states that the notary received it. It is not in the greffe: the répertoire for January to June 1674 carries no entry of 16 April and no testament of any date, April 1674 running the 8th, the 22nd and the 22nd. The likeliest explanation is that it was passed en brevet — drawn up and handed to the testatrix rather than retained as a minute — in which case the recital is the only surviving trace of it.
Databases and compiled sources
- PRDH-IGD (Université de Montréal) — records nos. 66394 (marriage), 57359, 57480, 57657, 57757, 57876 (baptisms), 96057 and 96882 (censuses), 403669 (confirmation), Famille no. 647, Individu no. 3639. Consulted in the French interface. Card images are not reproduced on this site; cards are cited by record number and transcribed.
- Fichier Origine, fiche no. 380072, "RITON, Marie", researcher Lise Dandeneau, updated 3 March 2025.
- GFNA — Genealogy of the French in North America, Denis Beauregard, entries [192] Leblanc & Riton and [117] Riton & Guyon.
- René Jetté, Dictionnaire généalogique des familles du Québec (Montréal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1983), p. 671. Note that Fichier Origine and GFNA both trace their death bracket to this one source; the notarial record supersedes all three.
- Peter J. Gagné, Before the King's Daughters: The Filles à Marier, 1634-1662 (Pawtucket, R.I.: Quintin Publications, 2002).
Research note: This profile documents Marie Riton as part of the Souliere Line's Founding Mothers collection. Claims are held to a stated evidence tier and withdrawn claims are kept on the record in the project's research log rather than silently removed. Two questions remain open on this page and are marked where they arise: the age recorded at the 1660 confirmation, and the reading of the November 1644 baptism date.
The conflicts in this file are worked through as a problem of method in the research guide The Card Said La Rochelle, and her religious trajectory in Hidden Protestants.
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